Infections of the middle ear, called otitis media are quite common in young children. These infections usually result from the spread of infection from the mucous membrane of the pharynx through the auditory tube. The symptoms of low-grade fever, lethargy, and irritability, and pulling at the ear are not often recognized by the parent as signs of middle ear infection. The infection also can cause a temporary decrease or loss of hearing because fluid build up can dampen the tympanic membrane. In extreme cases, the infection can damage or rupture the tympanic membrane. Chronic middle ear infections increase the chances of inner ear infections. Inner ear infections can decrease the inner ear’s detection of sound and maintenance of equilibrium.

In a small number of women, normal pregnancy is not possible because of some anatomical or physiological condition. In 87% of these cases the uterine tubes are incapable of transporting the zygote to the uterus or allowing sperm cells to reach the oocyte. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer have made pregnancy possible in hundreds of such women since 1978. In vitro fertilization involves removal of secondary oocytes from a women, placing the oocytes into a petri dish, and adding sperm cells to the dish, allowing fertilization and early development to occur in vitro, which means “in glass”. Embryo transfer involves the removal of the developing embryo from the petri dish and introduction of the embryo into uterus of a recipient female. For in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer to be accomplished, a woman is first injected with an LH-Like substance, which causes more than one follicle to ovulate at a time. Just before the follicles rupture, the secondary oocytes are surgically removed from the ovary. The success rate of embryo transfer varies from clinic to, with the age of the embryo at the time of transfer, and with the age of the patient.

Cancer of the cervix is relatively common in females and fortunately can be detected and treated. A Papanicolaou (Pap), named for the Greek-American physician, George Papanicolaou, (1883-1962) smear is a diagnostic test used to determine if a woman is suffering from cancer of the uterine cervix. A smear of epithelial cells is taken from the area of the cervix by inserting a swab through the vagina. Cells from the wall of the vagina are also included in the smear. The smear is placed on a glass slide and stained. The cells are then examined microscopically to determine whether some of them show signs of being cancerous. Early development of cervical cancer, the cells of the cervix change in a characteristic way. Cells that are cancerous appear to be less mature than the characteristic epithelial cells of the cervix or vaginal wall. Cervix is a lower part of the uterus extending to the vagina and Cancer a malignant neoplasm, or tumor.

Miscarriage it is estimated that as many as 50% of all zygotes are lost before delivery. Most are lost before implantation. Approximately 15%  of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, which results from the death or early delivery of the fetus. Before about 24 weeks post- LMP the fetus is not viable outside the uterus. After 24 weeks, but before 37 weeks post-LMP, the infant is referred to as premature. Although there is a higher incidence of birth defects among aborted fetuses, the vast majority of miscarried fetuses appear to be normal. Many factors can cause a miscarriage, many of which do not directly involve the fetus, and many of which are unknown. One common cause of miscarriage is improper implantation of the blastocust in the uterus. In most cases, the blastocyst implants in the upper part of the uterus, but occasionally a blastocyst can implant near the opening into the cervical canal, a condition called placenta previa. As the fetus grows and the uterus stretches, the previa placenta may tear away from the uterine wall, a condition called placental abruption. In fetus often dies. The associated hemorrhaging can be life-threatening to the mother as well.

Cancer of the prostate is the second most common cause of male deaths from cancer in the United States, fewer than from lung cancer and more than from colon cancer. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increase in the circulatory system of men who have prostatic cancer. A blood sample can be taken , and an assay performed for the antigen. If the concentration of the antigen in the blood has increased, an examination for prostatic cancer is highly recommended. A test result indicating an elevated concentration of the antigen does not confirm the presence of cancer, other tests are necessary. In some cases test result can show an increase in the antigen when no cancer is apparent. Because of the prevalence of prostatic cancer should be done. There is controversy concerning the treatment for prostatic cancer. Cancer of the prostate in relatively young men and large tumors in all men generally require treatment. Treatment for prostatic cancer includes radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery. The surgery often results in incontinence and generally results in the inability yo sustain an erection, although new, more successful techniques have been developed.